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Impact of large periprocedural myocardial infarction on mortality after percutaneous coronary intervention and coronary artery bypass grafting for left main disease: an analysis from the EXCEL trial.
Ben-Yehuda, O, Chen, S, Redfors, B, McAndrew, T, Crowley, A, Kosmidou, I, Kandzari, DE, Puskas, JD, Morice, MC, Taggart, DP, et al
European heart journal. 2019;(24):1930-1941
Abstract
AIMS: The prognostic implications of periprocedural myocardial infarction (PMI) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) remain controversial. We examined the 3-year rates of mortality among patients with and without PMI undergoing left main coronary artery intervention randomized to PCI with everolimus-eluting stents vs. CABG in the large-scale, multicentre, prospective, randomized EXCEL trial. METHODS AND RESULTS By protocol, PMI was defined using an identical threshold for PCI and CABG [creatinine kinase-MB (CK-MB) elevation >10× the upper reference limit (URL) within 72 h post-procedure, or >5× URL with new Q-waves, angiographic vessel occlusion, or loss of myocardium on imaging]. Cox proportional hazards modelling was performed controlling for age, sex, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, left ventricular ejection fraction, SYNTAX score, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A total of 1858 patients were treated as assigned by randomization. Periprocedural MI occurred in 34/935 (3.6%) of patients in the PCI group and 56/923 (6.1%) of patients in the CABG group [odds ratio 0.61, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.40-0.93; P = 0.02]. Periprocedural MI was associated with SYNTAX score, COPD, cross-clamp duration and total procedure duration, and not using antegrade cardioplegia. By multivariable analysis, PMI was associated with cardiovascular death and all-cause death at 3 years [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 2.63, 95% CI 1.19-5.81; P = 0.02 and adjusted HR 2.28, 95% CI 1.22-4.29; P = 0.01, respectively]. The effect of PMI was consistent for PCI and CABG for cardiovascular death (Pinteraction = 0.56) and all-cause death (Pinteraction = 0.59). Peak post-procedure CK-MB ≥10× URL strongly predicted mortality, whereas lesser degrees of myonecrosis were not associated with prognosis. CONCLUSION In the EXCEL trial, PMI was more common after CABG than PCI, and was strongly associated with increased 3-year mortality after controlling for potential confounders. Only extensive myonecrosis (CK-MB ≥10× URL) was prognostically important.
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Factors associated with postoperative atrial fibrillation and other adverse events after cardiac surgery.
Akintoye, E, Sellke, F, Marchioli, R, Tavazzi, L, Mozaffarian, D
The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery. 2018;(1):242-251.e10
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study objective was to evaluate the impact of various surgical characteristics and practices on the risk of postoperative atrial fibrillation and other adverse outcomes after cardiac surgery. METHODS By using the prospectively collected data of patients who underwent cardiac surgery in 28 centers across the United States, Italy, and Argentina, the details of surgery characteristics were collected for each patient and the outcomes, including postoperative atrial fibrillation, major adverse cardiovascular events, and mortality. These were evaluated via multivariable-adjusted models. RESULTS In 1462 patients, a total of 460 cases of postoperative atrial fibrillation, 33 major adverse cardiovascular events, 23 cases of 30-day mortality, and 46 cases of 1-year mortality occurred. We found that type of surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass use predicted the occurrence of postoperative atrial fibrillation. Compared with coronary artery bypass grafting alone, there was a higher risk of postoperative atrial fibrillation with valvular surgery alone (odds ratio, 1.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-1.9), and the risk was even higher with concomitant valvular and coronary artery bypass grafting surgery (odds ratio, 1.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-2.7). Compared with no bypass, use of cardiopulmonary bypass was associated with higher risk of postoperative atrial fibrillation (odds ratio, 2.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.7-3.5), but there were significant age and sex differences of the impact of bypass use among patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (P for interaction = .04). In addition, compared with spontaneous return of rhythm, ventricular pacing was associated with a higher risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (odds ratio, 5.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.4-18), whereas concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting and valvular surgery was associated with a higher risk of 30-day mortality (hazard ratio, 4.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-14) compared with coronary artery bypass grafting alone. Occurrence of postoperative atrial fibrillation was associated with greater length of stay and 1-year mortality (hazard ratio, 2.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-3.9). CONCLUSIONS In this multicenter trial, we identified specific adverse outcomes that are associated with concomitant valvular and coronary artery bypass graft surgery, cardiopulmonary bypass, ventricular pacing, and occurrence of postoperative atrial fibrillation.
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Influence of practice patterns on outcome among countries enrolled in the SYNTAX trial: 5-year results between percutaneous coronary intervention and coronary artery bypass grafting.
Milojevic, M, Head, SJ, Mack, MJ, Mohr, FW, Morice, MC, Dawkins, KD, Holmes, DR, Serruys, PW, Kappetein, AP
European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery. 2017;(3):445-453
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine differences among participating countries in baseline characteristics, clinical practice, medication strategies and outcomes of patients randomized to coronary artery bypass grafting and percutaneous coronary intervention in the SYNTAX trial. METHODS In SYNTAX, centres in 18 different countries enrolled 1800 patients, of which 8 countries enrolled ≥80 patients, what was projected to be a large enough sample size to be included in the analysis. Baseline characteristics, practice patterns and clinical outcomes were compared between the USA (n = 245), the UK (n = 267), Italy (n = 197), France (n = 208), Germany (n = 179), Netherlands (n = 148), Belgium (n = 91) and Hungary (n = 83). The remaining patients from other participating countries were pooled together (n = 382). RESULTS Five-year results demonstrated significantly different outcomes between countries. After adjustment, percutaneous coronary intervention patients in France had lower rates of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.60, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.37-0.98], while the incidence of repeat revascularization was higher in Hungary (HR = 1.89, 95% CI 1.14-3.42). Coronary artery bypass grafting showed the lowest rate of repeat revascularization in the UK (HR = 0.32, 95% CI 0.12-0.85). There were numerous differences in the risk profile of patients between participating countries, as well as marked differences in surgical practice across countries in the use of blood cardioplegia (range 3.1-89.0%; P < 0.001), bilateral internal mammary artery usage (range 7.8-68.2%; P < 0.001) and off-pump procedures (range 3.9-44.4%; P < 0.001). Variation was also found for percutaneous coronary intervention in the number of implanted stents (range 4.0 ± 2.3 to 6.1 ± 2.6; P < 0.001) as well as for the entire stents length (range 69.0 ± 45.1 to 124.1 ± 60.9; P < 0.001). Remarkable differences were observed in the prescription of post-coronary artery bypass grafting medication in terms of acetylsalicylic acid (range 79.6-95.0%; P = 0.004), thienopyridine (6.8-31.1%; P < 0.001) and statins (41.3-89.1%; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Patient characteristics and clinical patterns are significantly different between countries, resulting in significantly different 5-year outcomes. This article presents specific data that can further improve outcomes in each country. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRY NCT00114972.
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Blood levels of S-100 calcium-binding protein B, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and interleukin-6 for changes in depressive symptom severity after coronary artery bypass grafting: prospective cohort nested within a randomized, controlled trial.
Pearlman, DM, Brown, JR, MacKenzie, TA, Hernandez, F, Najjar, S
PloS one. 2014;(10):e111110
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cross-sectional and retrospective studies have associated major depressive disorder with glial activation and injury as well as blood-brain barrier disruption, but these associations have not been assessed prospectively. Here, we aimed to determine the relationship between changes in depressive symptom severity and in blood levels of S-100 calcium-binding protein B (S-100B), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and interleukin-6 following an inflammatory challenge. METHODS Fifty unselected participants were recruited from a randomized, controlled trial comparing coronary artery bypass grafting procedures performed with versus without cardiopulmonary bypass for the risk of neurocognitive decline. Depressive symptom severity was measured at baseline, discharge, and six-month follow-up using the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II). The primary outcome of the present biomarker study was acute change in depressive symptom severity, defined as the intra-subject difference between baseline and discharge BDI-II scores. Blood biomarker levels were determined at baseline and 2 days postoperative. RESULTS Changes in S-100B levels correlated positively with acute changes in depressive symptom severity (Spearman ρ, 0.62; P = 0.0004) and accounted for about one-fourth of their observed variance (R2, 0.23; P = 0.0105). This association remained statistically significant after adjusting for baseline S-100B levels, age, weight, body-mass index, or β-blocker use, but not baseline BDI-II scores (P = 0.064). There was no statistically significant association between the primary outcome and baseline S-100B levels, baseline high-sensitivity C-reactive protein or interleukin-6 levels, or changes in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein or interleukin-6 levels. Among most participants, levels of all three biomarkers were normal at baseline and markedly elevated at 2 days postoperative. CONCLUSIONS Acute changes in depressive symptom severity were specifically associated with incremental changes in S-100B blood levels, largely independent of covariates associated with either. These findings support the hypothesis that glial activation and injury and blood-brain barrier disruption can be mechanistically linked to acute exacerbation of depressive symptoms in some individuals.